Unsolved Mysteries with Dennis Farina - Season 1, Episode 5 - Full Episode | Forensic Files

[Music] next on Unsolved Mysteries the strange case of a 21-year-old Army private who buys two
handguns waves goodbye to his girlfriend and vanishes Bruce Lee his son Brandon Lee
they were legendary martial arts stars and some say their shocking deaths were caused by an ancient curse strange
lights over AR Iona the military says they're only flares hundreds of eyewitnesses say no way Alcatraz for
years its chilly Waters were considered certain death but when three prisoners escaped on a makeshift raft no one knows
for sure if they lived or died five cases with strange Clues and bizarre twists and secrets that you
would never expect I I'm Dennis finina and this is Unsolved [Music] [Music] Mysteries
[Music] four-o army base near moay California private Justin Berg winkl was a specialist United States Army 3 years
after reporting for Duty he went awall absent without leave and vanished Without a
Trace 3 months later an unsettling clue Justin's car was found Gathering dust in the parking lot of a
motel it was odd his keys were locked inside along with his wallet credit cards and military
ID no money you knew something was drastically wrong and you know like more or less that he had placed everything
just the way he wanted it found just the way I looked at it so what could have happened to Justin
Berg lnl when he enlisted Justin set his sights on the elite combat unit known as
the Rangers however within 6 months Justin was yanked from the program after he was implicated in a shoplifting
incident when I was back in language School me somebody ultimately Justin found himself assigned to kitchen duty
serving up meals to some 1,000 soldiers when they put him in the cook section he
really had a hard time time dealing with that at first but then he kind of refocused himself and said well if I
want to be a ranger I'm going to have to get back in there and really Soldier to
get back there on a weekend pass Justin met Yolanda an Tunis a computer science student at Santa clar University there
was a rapport there and he asked me for my phone number and I gave it to him and
then one weekend we spent a whole day in San Francisco and we knew you know I knew that he was a great guy before long
just was driving 885 mi from Ford or to visit Yolanda at every opportunity but after a while she began
to see the first signs of Justin's secretive life all of a sudden he'll just stop what he's doing with me in the
afternoon and he'll just say I'm sorry but I have to go up to Montery and see some people but I'll be right back I'll
be just saying just like that out of the blue bye see it four good and then he started getting more vague I can't tell
you I really can discuss this with you right now now I'm doing something you know kind of secret and I
I can't reveal it to you Justin always had a briefcase with him he would be very secretive about it he would never
open it in front of me that was this one time and I kind of angled myself just to
turn and look over my shoulder to see what he was doing all he's doing with that briefcase
is taking pieces of paper out and shredding them with his hands just tearing them into little
tiny tiny pieces I mean it to little squares this small whatever Justin was involved with
it seemed to be veering out of control one day Yolanda found them alone in the living room saving what's
wrong nothing you okay no yeah I'm fine then a strange phone call the mission's off what just tell him the
mission's off hi Justin you had a phone call tonight some guy called and said that the
mission's off what damn it damn it who are they who are these people you don't want to
know Justin bought two handguns and more than 100 rounds of ammunition I se Berg
Wile 0430 hours a few days later private Justin burgwinkle failed to report for kitchen duty back at his base now this
is the duty Sergeant in the mess hall got an awall sir but for a man who had apparently
gone awall Justin was not making much of an effort to hide what are you doing in fact he went
to Yolanda that same night but listen don't worry Yolanda insisted that Justin call his parents I'm not awall I I
wouldn't do anything like that and he just said I can't tell you anymore he said but I will straighten it
up I just can't I'm doing something very important right now all right you've got
to believe me and I'll explain it to you later I said to him at least call Captain
heinselman you know at least call him and he said that he would Justin did call into the unit he did indicate that
he was going to come back and that he had a couple more things to do once he got them uh them taken care of that he
was going to come back to the unit and report back yet but Justin did not report back in instead he remained at
Yolanda's and made secretive trips back to Fort Orton what's going on let me help you
there's nothing you can do to help me then let me go with you I have to go okay Justin you know the movie White
Sands watch that movie okay Justin had made the same strange reference to the film White Sands in a
conversation with his parents it's about gun running the FBI and the CIA and this
one's against this one and you don't know who the good guy is and you don't know who the bad guy
is this movie features a briefcase toing hero in the world of international arm smuggling then I thought are you working
for the CIA you know it was all too confusing but that's that's the only clue if anything that he's ever given me
you're later 8 Days Later Justin left Yolanda's apartment at around 10:00 a.m. once
again headed for Monteray but this time Justin Berg Winkle would never come back and I don't know if he ran away
from the Army I don't know if he was kidnapped I don't know if he was murdered I do not
have one clue what happened to him the wind swept outskirts of montere yielded one final clue in this puzzling
case 3 months after Justin vanished his car was found in the parking lot of an isolated beach front motel near Fort ort
Justin's name did not appear in the motel register his handguns were nowhere to be found but surprisingly his
briefcase which he seldom let out of his sight had been stashed in the trunk tucked in Justin's wallet was his
standard issue military dog tag we were driving down one time in his car and Justin had his dog text and he said
do you know what they're for I kind of had an idea but I said just said no no what what are they for and he says well
when a soldier dies they put in his teeth so you can identify him if you ever see these line around that means
I'm dead is Justin Berg Winkle dead swallowed up by a shadowy secret life or did he simply run away and cover his
disappearance with a Twisted Fantasy plucked from a Hollywood movie I really don't think it's possible that he ran
away the three things he loves he loved his mother he loved his girlfriend deeply and he loved his car and in that
day he just threw everything away he was everything was gone I just can't believe
anybody could do that without any trace or anything if you have any information about this case please log on to our
website at unsolved.com next peculiar v-shaped formations of light appear over Phoenix defying
explanation and frightening hundreds of eyewitnesses and later the mysterious death of martial arts star Brandon
Lee [Music] this is what I've been doing on week's vacation this footage is from an actual
videotape found on a highway near Stockton California I've never run across anything as Eerie as this
tape um it was it frightened me as a matter of fact I thought about it that night when I went to
bed despite a frame byf frame analysis of the video investigators were unable to match the fire recorded on the tape
with any suspected arson fires reported in California the burning structure appeared to be a woodframe house perhaps
in a rural area but no one knew exactly where it was I think the person who made this
videotape and is responsible for the fire will without a doubt in my mind continue to set
fires update Redwood City California within minutes of our broadcast several viewers from Redwood
City contacted us and identifi the location of the house seen burning on the videotape as we were sitting here
and we looked at the film on the TV we realized with utter shock that it was the house behind us that was on
TV and our family was scared to say the least cuz we didn't realize that the film even existed and we called in
Unsolved Mysteries and gave all the information investigators learned that the house that was destroyed was under
construction at the time by an odd coincidence a local fire captain happened to videotape the same fire on
that same night I had set up my video camera to film The Fire for training investigation
purposes by comparing Captain D's tape with the video shot by the arsonist investigators were able to confirm
Beyond a doubt the fire's location some of the calls received led us to a 17-year-old Woodside
youth we interviewed that youth through that interview it led us to a 19-year-old Redwood City youth he was
arrested and interviewed and subsequently admitted burning the house taking the video and was the one
who talked on the videotape the two teenagers were suspected of setting 24 other fires but
they were underage when the videotape was made one served the sentence at a juvenile hall the other was sent to a
psychiatric hospital Phoenix Arizona all right you tell me what it is March 13th
1997 10 p.m. oh what do we got a man named Michael Kristen shot this videotape before I noted an entire
display of lights comes on got a little excited at that time and I called my wife hey Sue take a look at this it was
really quite unusual Michael Kristen wasn't alone this videotape was shot around the
same time 15 miles away there's four of them look at there's three of them all together I got the third one in fact the
bizarre lights were seen by thousands of Arizona residents that night an unexplainable series of strange bright
lights seen over the Skies of Arizona gets a lot of people wondering what the heck they
saw some thought these lights were UFOs but not surprisingly an official explanation soon emerged they were not
UFOs they were flares dropped by the Air National Guard in a night training exercise what they were doing was
dropping uh night illumination flares over the north tactical range at Luke Air Force Base and a lot of people seem
to think that those flares could in fact have been the quote unquote mysterious lights flares well there's only one
problem with that the military said they Dro flares between 9 and 10 p.m. that night the most impressive sightings
however occurred much earlier long before 900 p.m. 8:10 p.m. it was nearly an hour
before the military would begin dropping flakes Ross nickel and his family were on Highway 89 just outside Chino Valley
90 Mi north of Phoenix hey Dad do you see that light over there where Over the Horizon oh yeah I saw some lights in a
very small pattern and what they really looked like at that point was some just dim Stars several of them in a very
tight pattern wow they were white like stars when when they were coming towards us and at that
point they changed colors and went from white to Red they were just overhead at that point and they were in my
estimation not very high off the ground I'm guessing 1,000 ft and there was absolutely no sound during the whole
time from the start to the Finish there was absolutely no sound what is it 8:30 p.m. those lights 20 minutes
later 90 Mi South looks like a line of Fighters a commercial airline pilot and his wife
were driving home after dinner are you sure been flying for 29 years now and I'm not used to looking up in the sky
and not being able to figure out what I'm seeing I looked at it then and tried to
make it into an airliner I realized again ah it's going too slow and oh by the way there's no noise at all
definitely not Fighters and then the next thing that struck me is that yeah and why would his Landing lights be
pointed straight down Ross nickel and his family had seen the lights here the pilot and his wife saw them
here it seemed to be on a southerly course 14 Mi Southeast a young woman and her boyfriend had another
[Music] sighting what is that looks like it's keep in mind the military would not
begin dropping flares for another half hour it was very clear in my mind that it was
one solid craft the lights were traveling too perfectly spaced apart and there was a
void clearly between the lights that blacked out the Stars when it came down the whole thing just slowed I don't know
maybe to a stop or it hovered for a second and then what looked like one solid red oval object it just turned red
and shot straight up and disappeared gone completely gone 8:45 p.m. still 15 minutes before
the military would begin dropping flares and 80 Mi South another sighting hey Jimmy you see those lights over to the
east I tried everything I could to explain them away they didn't look like flood lights they didn't really look
like spotlights there was something different about them that I had never seen [Music]
before if you lived in Phoenix these flares some of them were dropped at 14 and 15,000 ft they burn very bright they
burn for 5 to 6 minutes they are suspended by a parachute and it's a large flare you would be able to see
those flares I would imagine for 150 maybe even 200 miles I'm certain that the lights that I
saw were not aerial flares as used by the military I've seen them from the ground
I've seen them from the air and these weren't flares and probably the major reason
that these were almost certainly not flares dropped by the military was they're dangerous they would never ever be
dropped over a population Center The Mystery of the Phoenix Lights may never be solved for the military the case is
closed but for hundreds of eyewitnesses the question remains if they are not flares what are they we've been sending
radio signals out in space for over 50 years now trying to locate intelligent life so why would it be hard for us to
think that at some point in time somebody finally answered the [Music] call in a moment the untimely deaths of
legendary action Stars Bruce Lee and his son Brandon could they be victims of of
an ancient curse and later a special Unsolved Mysteries report on legendary Escape from
Alcatraz Bruce Lee Brandon Lee a father and son linked by the action-packed World of Martial Arts
films and some Say by an ancient Chinese curse that killed them both Bruce Lee's film career began in
Hong Kong I mean you got to put the whole hip into it and snap it he almost single-handedly created an
audience for martial arts film and was an international star when he was just 32 years old he
took a prescription drug for a headache and laid down for a nap Bruce Lee never got up I was at the hospital when they
brought Bruce in I kept thinking he's going to snap out of this you know but I didn't know that he was already
gone Bruce Lee's Funeral Drew more than 25,000 MERS some said that Lee died from a
family curse the first victim was not Bruce but his older brother who died as an
infant after an unprecedented 9-day inquest the coroner announced his findings Bruce Lee died from a freak
allergic reaction to a pain remedy here we have this Paragon of Fitness you know the the one of the most
lethal human beings with his hands or his feet taken out you know essentially by a headache
tablet at at the time Bruce's son Brandon was just 8 years old and already he was following in his Father's
Footsteps I started training with my dad really as soon as I could walk I mean my
dad was a really diligent trainer he always had people over at the house practicing in fact I remember when I was
a little kid a lot of my friends didn't want to come over to the house because there were always these men out in the
backyard screaming and breaking things you know like father like son Brandon followed Bruce's path to the big
screen and he himself was a star of martial arts films then Brandon was fatally shot on the set of his fifth
feature the crow under mysterious circumstances he was just 28 years old was he also a victim of the Lee family
curse just like Bruce Lee's death the shooting of Brandon Lee renew n speculation about the family curse but
can this tragedy really be attributed to Supernatural forces in a special television interview detectives in
charge of the case set the record straight few are the evidence forms we need to fill after nearly 50
eyewitnesses and a more than a dozen ballistics test detectives Rodney Simmons and Brian Pettis pieced together
the strange 6 week journey of the bullet that was destined to kill Brandon Lee they were filming a pawn shop scene and
they needed items from our actual pawn shop so uh they went to one of the local pawn shops in uh Wilmington a stage hand
gathered hundreds of props among them was a box of live 44 magnum bullets the first link in the Fatal
chain of events was now in place the dresses set up with all the items that they received they had placed
the 44 rounds on a counter that was was used in the scene where' these come from
I we get those at a punch up earlier these are live stock coordinator said when he
found the live ammunition on the set he was livid the bottom line rule is that you don't have live ammunition on the
set a stunt coordinator locked the bullets in the trunk of his car but it was one of these bullets that
would eventually kill Brandon Lee a live bullet has a lead tip a load of gunpowder and an explosive charge
known as a primer when the trigger is pulled the hammer hits the primer the primer
detonates powder ignites and the lead tip flies toward the target two kinds of bullets can be found on film and
television sets blanks are bullets with a harmless disc of cardboard instead of a lead tip and have a smaller gunpowder
load they may have one qu or 1/ half the normal charge when fired blank screw create a visible but harmless flash a
dummy round looks like a bullet but cannot be fired it has the cartridge and the lead tip only no gunpowder no
primer on the set of the crow the crew needed blanks to save time the Fateful decision was made to modify the live
rounds that they had the crew removed the lead tip and the powder leaving the car cartridge and the primer and while
they were making the blanks they realized that they needed some dummy bullets also so what they did they fired off the
blanks that they made and took those casings and put the lead tips back in the casings but what they didn't do was
check the primers to see if they' all been fired when they made the dummy rounds so they got some mixed up so they
made at least one dummy round that had a primer still intact that one dummy round had an
explosive primer and a lead tip then the crew used the dummy rounds for closeups of someone firing a 44
magnum what was that the detectives say that at least two people heard a popping
noise no one realized that it was the sound of a primer firing no one realized that the primer had exploded with just
enough Force to dislodge the lead tip and wedge it into the gun barrel there it would remain undetected for another
14 days about 2 weeks after the second unit filmed the gun the scene came up it was a death scene for Brandon's
character and for this scene the director chose to use a full load blank they called for the 4 for Magnum
loaded it with the full charge blanks at this time the lead tip is still lodged inside the barrel um he gives the gun to
the actor that bullet being lodged in the barrel and that full load blank that was the equivalent of a live 44 round
and it was projected out of the gun and into Brandon Le North Carolina officials concluding
Ed that the film company's biggest failures were not having a gun expert on the set and taking shortcuts to save
time and money however the chain of negligence involved so many people that convicting
any one of them was unlikely no criminal charges were ever filed in the end it seems that Brandon Lee was truly a
victim of circumstance or was he as some claim the final casualty of the family [Music]
curse next the legendary Escape from Alcatraz for months three men tunnel their way out of the notorious prison
and then paddled away on a homemade raft the guards say that they drowned in the
icy San Francisco Waters but did they San Francisco in the bay sits The Rock Alcatraz some say the nation's most
notorious prison it stands in the middle of San Francisco's icy cold Bay its treacherous
Waters were the best guarantee that nobody would successfully escape and nobody did until until June the 11th
1962 on that night three men broke out of their cell housee and vanished into the waves in a homemade
raft John angland his brother Clarence and Frank Morris the brilliant Mastermind of the
Escape were never seen again 10 days later authorities discovered pieces of the raft it had
broken up at Sea the three convicts appeared to have swam for it did they make it the debate
continues if they went into the water they were drowned within 30 minutes they succumbed to hypothermia and drowned I
felt that they didn't make it but I thought we'd find a body and we didn't find a
body in the many years that have passed since that June night no trace of Frank Morris John angland and Clarence angland
has ever been found they may still be at large and perhaps are still in hiding Alcatraz was the most dreaded
prison in America and it was virtually escape proof 14 escapes were attempted eight men died and all the rest were
recaptured except three many former inmates believe the angland brothers and Frank moris made it all the way to
Freedom if you call a Bureau of Prisons today they will tell you no one escaped from
Alcatraz they made it this is an embarrassment who's going to admit to that Don duni a professor at Meritt
College in Oakland co-wrote a manuscript about the escape with inmate Clarence Kars Kars was a close Confidant of the
three convicts who escaped these guys made it they made it because Clarence said they did and I
trust that Clarence K spent 18 years on alcatra arriving when he was just 18 years
[Music] old out CH down KS was the most important inmate on Alcatraz he had gained the respect of virtually all the
other inmates because he knew how to keep his mouth shut he was in a sense The Godfather of
alatri Kar said that the plot to escape began with an inmate named Allan West West was assigned to paint the top
tier of the cell block at the prison one day while working there he discovered that you can get access to
the prison's roof by cutting around any of the ventilation shafts and pushing them
out Wes noticed that the ventilation duck was constructed in such a way so that there were crossbars in between you
couldn't cut the bars but Wes discovered that all you had to do was cut the entire duck from its surrounding support
and just shove the whole thing out west Enlisted the help of Two Brothers John and Clarence angland both
convicted bank robbers who had a history of escapes from other institutions the Anglin were expert raftsmen because
they'd grown up in the Florida swamp they knew how to construct rafts they knew how to negotiate current they were
expert swimmers as well perhaps the most pivotal figure in the plot was an inmate named Frank moris
he was a thinker anything connected with this Escape that had any real brains behind it can be credited to
moris KS told Morris about a utility Corridor that ran the length and height of the
cell block inside the corridor were Heating and water pipes that formed a makeshift ladder to a ventilation
shaft Morris knew they could dig through their cell walls to this hidden Corridor
during music hour in the early part of the evening there was what they call a music
hour and anybody who had a string instrument could play when that music is playing it has an effect of deafening
the officer who is making his inspections the inmates that were digging were just digging
away the angland west and Morse dug out the rear of their respective cells West also used the time to craft
false ventilation fronts to hide their work the convicts devised another brilliant Ploy so that they wouldn't be
missed during head counts they decided that they would have to make dummy heads to be in their bunk in case one of them
was not in there when the guard would go by this was at a time when the lights were turned low and it would be
difficult to recognize other than the face was in the bed Morris asked me about how you mix
flesh tone cuz see I'm an I'm an artist I did I did a lot of oil painting on alcatra I begin to wonder what why is he
so interested in flesh tone and then I begin to put it all together because they needed a flesh tone color for the
dummy heads the dummies were made from soap concrete powder and stolen paint one of the angland worked in the barber
shop and he swiped some hair to paste on the dummy's heads for an extra Touch of
realism for the next 8 months mors and the angland brothers left their cells at night to drill out the ventilation shaft
and to collect the items they needed for their escape in his manuscript Clarence KS
wrote many times through the years I had met men who had tried to escape but their flaw had been too
little planning and being too hasty they hadn't been thorough in their thinking and that's what defeated
them but not this time in a moment the dramatic events of June 11th 1962 the day of the
[Music] escape alcatra prison 1962 for the guards on patrol that spring the countdowns the routines the
boredom were no different than any other time but many inmates knew differently during the days right under
the Gaze of their Keepers they helped the four Escapes in their preparations secretly passing them
raincoats using these raincoats the men made their life preservers in their cells at night and then stashed them in
the Escape tunnels in a secret workplace hidden by blankets the angland and Morris took
turns assembling a raft that were also made out of the pilford raincoats at last the time to escape had
finally arrived time to go quietly the angland left their cells for the last time and for the first time
Wes tried to slip through the hole in his cell wall Frank what the hell is matter I
can't get through the holes too small everybody's upstairs ready to go suddenly there's an iron bar that had
been used as part of the reinforced masonry when the cell housee had originally been built no one knew was
there Alan West the original instigator of the plan was stuck Frank fress blast this hole is not big
enough he needs more help no way [Music] reling [Music] now the escapes had to figure out how to
quietly inflate their huge [Music] raft Frank Morris came up with an ingenious idea he had received a small
accordion it's called a concertina for use during the daily music hour they had taken the keys out of the
concertina and there therefore you could put your hand on one strap the constantina and push it up and down it
would operate just like a Bellow Frank Morris John angland and Clarence angland had made it off the
rock it's a dummy dummy in 152 the following day an extensive search began it was one of the largest
manhunts ever we were ordered to go out in the bay and course start looking around the idland
and then over AEL Island scanning the beaches to see if anything that pertained to them might have washed up
it became evident that we weren't going to find them whether we had made it or not no one knew for
sure and for 24 hours nothing was found then remnants of the escapes raft began to
surface and so too did a controversy on whether or not the men survived the only weak point in this
Escape was the failure to really take Serious consideration of that water out there the day after the escape a
homemade or was discovered floating between Alcatraz and Angel Island this paddle matched the one that the convicts
had left behind in the Cell Block 2 days after the breakout a rubber wrapped packet was also discovered from
floating near Angel Island it contained an address book 80 family photographs and a money order that belonged to one
of the escapees 10 days after the Escape pieces of the convict's raft were found only 50
yard off the east shore of Alcatraz probably the earliest they could have gotten into the water would
be 10:30 the outgoing tide started that night at 10:00 and that outgoing tide is
very very strong and I firmly believe that they were taken by the current into the Pacific
Ocean the day of the escape a Norwegian ship spotted a body floating 20 mi past the Golden Gate Bridge though unable to
retrieve it their description of it matched that of Frank Morris but there is some compelling
evidence to suggest that at least one of the men survived the day after the escape a man claiming
to be John angland called the San Francisco Law Firm known to represent alcatra inmates he said I'm John angland
and I want you to contact the US Marshall's office I said well I'm not going to do that unless I know why and
he said do you know who I am and I said no he said read the newspaper and he hung
up a few weeks after the break Clarence Kar claimed that he received a postcard from the Escape
in it they gave the pre-arranged code words that confirmed their escape the card read gone
fishing Clarence Kar believed that the men had helped from the outside arranged by a convict on the inside Clarence
shared with me that Ellsworth Bumpy Johnson underworld king of Harlem had arranged for a boat to be out there to
pick the angland and Morris up according to Clarence KS the boat then took the convicts to Pier 13 in San
Francisco's 100p Point District my feeling is that's just something that KS has dreamed up and that there is not the
slightest possibility there's any truth in it Alan West was interrogated repeatedly about Bumpy Johnson he was
also pressed to reveal any other contacts who might have helped the convicts he denied any existence
West wouldn't have CED out west was people he was solid people it his day I don't believe we ever told him
nothing today the FBI and prison authorities have not changed their opinion they believe that the men
drowned within minutes of hitting the water of course we never are [ __ ] sure enough to say well we know they're dead
but we were pretty sure that they were dead because there was no trace of them whatsoever
however they're still on the missing list and not the dead list even though Alcatraz ceased prison operations many
years ago the infamous Escape continues to puzzle investigators in fact over the
years thousands of leads have been investigated but to no avail will this legendary case ever be
solved maybe not but for now the arrest warrants for the Three Fugitives remain active and and the search for the
answers goes on if you have any information about any of our cases please contact us at
unsolved.com [Music] [Music]

Brief Summary

The episode covers Justin Bergwinkle's disappearance, the Lee family deaths, the Phoenix Lights, and the Alcatraz escape mystery.

Key points

The Mysterious Disappearance of Justin Bergwinkle. A 21-year-old Army private vanishes after buying handguns and acting secretively. What happened to him?
The Phoenix Lights Phenomenon. Thousands witnessed strange lights in the sky, leading to speculation and confusion. Were they flares or something else?
The Tragic Deaths of Bruce and Brandon Lee. Martial arts legends Bruce and Brandon Lee both died under mysterious circumstances, fueling rumors of a family curse.
Brandon Lee's Tragic Death. The investigation reveals negligence on set led to Brandon Lee's death.
The Great Alcatraz Escape. Three men vanished from Alcatraz in 1962, leaving behind a mystery that endures.
Escape Plan Flaws. The escapees' plan had critical weaknesses that may have led to their downfall.

Episode highlights

Episode quotes

I don’t know if he ran away from the Army.

Justin's mysterious disappearance raises questions about his fate.

7:44WatchMar 9, 2017

Tension

65/ 100Some tension

More from True Crime Files

Solve the Crime

Read a real case one clue at a time, then see how your call held up against the investigators.